{"id":382,"date":"2012-03-12T09:37:31","date_gmt":"2012-03-12T13:37:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.beliefnet.com\/attheintersectionoffaithandculture\/?p=382"},"modified":"2012-03-12T09:37:31","modified_gmt":"2012-03-12T13:37:31","slug":"alex-haleys-fraudulent-roots","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.beliefnet.com\/columnists\/attheintersectionoffaithandculture\/2012\/03\/alex-haleys-fraudulent-roots.html","title":{"rendered":"Alex Haley’s Fraudulent Roots"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is the 35th<\/sup> anniversary of the ground breaking television miniseries, Roots.\u00a0 <\/em>Based on Alex Haley\u2019s wildly successful novel, Roots: The Saga of an American Family, <\/em>the epic miniseries starred an ensemble cast\u2014several members of which recently visited with Oprah Winfrey on her new network (OWN) to commemorate this occasion.<\/p>\n

This is worth commenting upon only because, for as provocative and entertaining as both book and movie undoubtedly are\u2014I read the book twice and watched the miniseries numerous times\u2014Roots, <\/em>the author\u2019s assertions to the contrary notwithstanding, is a work of fiction through and through.\u00a0 To listen to Oprah and the actors with whom she was accompanied, one could be forgiven for regarding this as news.<\/p>\n

In fact, to describe Roots <\/em>merely as \u201cfiction\u201d is to treat Haley with more charity than he deserves.\u00a0 In at least three critical respects, Haley was downright dishonest.<\/p>\n

Haley and the History of Slavery <\/strong><\/p>\n

Black commentator Stanley Crouch doesn\u2019t mince words when it comes to Alex Haley.\u00a0 Haley, Crouch insists, was a \u201cruthless hustler\u201d and \u201cone of the biggest damn liars this country has ever seen.\u201d\u00a0 Crouch likens Haley to Tawana Brawley, the young black woman who infamously lied about being raped and humiliated by a white police officer.\u00a0 Like the lie concocted by Brawley and abetted by the likes of Al Sharpton, Haley\u2019s story is also a \u201choax\u201d that beautifully illustrates \u201chow history and tragic fact can be pillaged by an individual willing to exploit whatever the na\u00efve might consider sacred.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

Crouch explains: \u201cHaley came on the scene when Negroes were becoming obsessed with their African ancestry and were having overwrought reactions to a tale of slavery that always, conveniently, left out the crucial role of the cooperative and profiting Africans.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

Black thinker Thomas Sowell, who has written prolifically on race and slavery, makes the same point as Crouch\u2014even if not quite as bluntly.\u00a0 Regarding the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, Sowell remarks that Roots <\/em>\u201cpresented some crucially false pictures of what had actually happened\u2014false pictures that continue to dominate thinking today.\u201d<\/p>\n

For instance, \u201cRoots <\/em>has a white man leading a slave raid in West Africa, where the hero, Kunta Kinte [supposedly, Haley\u2019s ancestor] was captured, looking bewildered at the chains put on him as he was led away in bondage.\u201d\u00a0 Moreover, even \u201cthe village elders\u201d likewise appeared perplexed by the sight of these \u201cwhite men\u201d who were \u201ccarrying their people away.\u201d\u00a0 In glaring contrast to this depiction, Sowell correctly asserts, the location from which Kunta Kinte was taken\u2014West Africa\u2014had been \u201ca center of slave trading before the first white man arrived there\u2014and slavery continues in parts of it to this very moment.\u201d\u00a0 He adds: \u201cAfricans sold <\/em>vast numbers of other Africans to Europeans.\u00a0 But they hardly let Europeans go running around in their territory, catching people willy-nilly\u201d (emphasis added).\u00a0<\/p>\n

According to Sowell, Roots <\/em>did more harm than good in fueling \u201cthe gross misconception that slavery was about white people enslaving black people.\u201d In reality, \u201cthe tragedy of slavery was of a far greater magnitude than that.\u201d\u00a0 Slavery knew no racial boundaries. \u00a0\u201cPeople of every race and color were both slaves and enslavers, for thousands of years, all around the world.\u201d\u00a0 Sowell likens slavery to cancer in that it transcends time and place.\u00a0 He concludes: \u201cIf reparations were to be paid for slavery, everybody on this planet would owe everybody else.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

Hayley was, to put it mildly, a \u201chistorical revisionist\u201d when it came to the issue of slavery.\u00a0 But this in and of itself certainly doesn\u2019t warrant the verdict, issued in no uncertain terms by Stanley Crouch, that Hayley was a \u201cruthless hustler.\u201d After all, Hayley\u2019s \u201chistorical revisionism\u201d on this score is very much a function of the leftist moral imagination that came to dominate the post-1960\u2019s intelligentsia.\u00a0 Rather, if Hayley could be said to be guilty of nothing more than subscription to an intellectually and ethically shallow political-moral vision, it would not be difficult to issue him a pardon.<\/p>\n

Yet matters are far worse than this.<\/p>\n

Haley and Plagiarism<\/strong><\/p>\n

As Philip Nobile writes, Haley was a \u201cliterary rogue,\u201d an \u201cimpostor\u201d whose \u201cprose was so inept that he required ghosts [ghost writers] throughout his career.\u201d Upon reading Haley\u2019s posthumously released private papers and interviewing one of his original editors for Roots<\/em>, Nobile was able to determine that the latter\u2019s real author was Murray Fisher, Haley\u2019s editor from his time at Playboy.\u00a0 <\/em>Fisher was also, incidentally, white.<\/p>\n

This piece of deception, however, is part and parcel of a much larger web of the same.<\/p>\n

At least Fisher consented to write Roots.\u00a0 <\/em>Harry Courlander did not. \u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

In the late 1960\u2019s, Harry Courlander\u2014a white man\u2014composed The African, <\/em>a fictional work about a young African boy who is captured, made to endure the horrors of the mid-Atlantic passage, and eventually sold into slavery in America.\u00a0 In 1978 he sued Haley for plagiarism.\u00a0 Upon expressing regret that at least 81 passages were lifted virtually verbatim from Courlander\u2019s novel and recast in Roots, <\/em>and upon the Judge\u2019s unambiguous finding that Haley was guilty of plagiarism, Haley agreed to an out of court settlement whereby he would pay Courlander $650,000 (roughly 2 million dollars in today\u2019s terms).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

In his pre-trial memorandum, Courlander argued that had Haley not copied from his novel, \u201cRoots <\/em>would have been a very different and less successful novel, and indeed it is doubtful that Mr. Haley could written Roots <\/em>without The African <\/em>[.]\u201d\u00a0 Roots, <\/em>Courlander continues, \u201ccopied [from The African<\/em>] language, thoughts, attitudes, incidents, situations, plot and character.\u201d<\/p>\n

An English professor from Columbia University, Michael Wood, submitted an Expert Witness Report to the court. \u00a0His comparative analysis of the two novels thoroughly substantiated Courlander\u2019s allegations.\u00a0 \u201cThe evidence of copying from The African <\/em>in both the novel and television dramatization of Roots,\u201d <\/em>he declared, \u201cis clear and irrefutable.\u201d The plagiarism, Wood insisted, \u201cis significant and extensive [.]\u201d Whether it is \u201ccopied\u201d or \u201cmodified,\u201d The African <\/em>is \u201calways\u201d \u201cconsulted\u201d by the author of Roots.\u00a0 <\/em>The \u201cessential elements\u201d of Courlander\u2019s work\u2014\u201cphrases, situations, ideas, aspects of style and plot\u201d\u2014constitute \u201cthe life\u201d of Roots. <\/em><\/p>\n

Judge Robert J. Ward concluded: \u201cCopying there was, period.\u201d\u00a0 Years later, Ward came forth in an interview with the BBC and admitted that Haley \u201chad perpetrated a hoax on the public.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

Although during the trial Haley swore that he personally had never read The African, <\/em>that \u201cthe life\u201d of Courlander\u2019s book had found its way into Roots <\/em>courtesy of careless research assistants who failed to document their material, a \u201cminorities\u2019 studies\u201d professor, Joseph Brucac from Skidmore College, signed a sworn affidavit in which he noted that he and Haley had indeed discussed The African <\/em>at least five years prior to the publication of Roots. <\/em>In fact, Brucac even lent Haley his own copy of it.<\/p>\n

Haley and his Roots<\/strong><\/p>\n

His plagiarism aside, as professional genealogists Gary B. and Elizabeth Shown Mills have demonstrated beyond a doubt, Haley\u2019s claims to the contrary aside, there is no formal documentation to corroborate \u201cthe oral tradition\u201d regarding his family history.\u00a0 Moreover, the very documentation to which he refers\u2014\u201cplantation records, wills, census records\u201d\u2014repudiates <\/em>this tradition.\u00a0 The Mills are to the point: \u201cIn truth, those same plantation records, wills, and censuses cited by Mr. Haley not only fail <\/em>to document <\/em>his story, but they contradict <\/em>each and every pre-Civil War statement of Afro-American lineage in Roots<\/em>\u201d (emphases original)!<\/p>\n

Haley claims that his great-great-great-great grandfather, Kunta Kinte, arrived inAnnapolis,Marylandupon the slave ship, the Lord Ligonier, in September of 1767.\u00a0 There he was purchased by John Waller of Spotsylvania County,Virginia, who gave him the name \u201cToby.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

But Haley can know for sure that Kunta Kinte is Toby if and only<\/em> if <\/em>he is correct regarding the date of Kunta\u2019s arrival in America.\u00a0 As the Mills assert, \u201cthis determination of date <\/em>of arrival is crucial to the establishment of Kinte\u2019s American identity\u201d (emphasis original).\u00a0 The problem, for Haley, is that he pre-selected this date.\u00a0 Precisely the same documentation upon which he relies to establish that his ancestor and the Waller slave Toby are one and the same person actually proves that this is impossible. \u201cHad Mr. Hayley not chosen arbitrarily to limit his research to only those records filed after <\/em>the arrival of the ship that he had already \u2018identified\u2019 upon questionable premises, had his research indeed been as exhaustive as assumed, he would have discovered that this Waller slave Toby appeared in six separate documents of record over a period of four years <\/em>preceding the arrival of the Lord Ligonier<\/em>\u201d (emphasis original). \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

In short: \u201cToby Waller was not Kunta Kinte.\u201d \u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

The slave Toby belonged to the Wallers, but there is no record as to when, or even if, he was purchased.\u00a0 It appears that, against Haley\u2019s account, he first <\/em>belonged to Dr. William Waller and was then <\/em>conveyed to his brother John.\u00a0 Sometime later, Toby once more became the property of William.\u00a0 It would also seem that Toby Waller died between five and ten years prior <\/em>to the birth of \u201cKizzy,\u201d the woman who Haley says Kunta Kinte fathered.<\/p>\n

As to the person with whom Kunta is supposed to have fathered Kizzy\u2014Haley identifies her as \u201cBell\u201d\u2014there is no record.\u00a0 There is an \u201cIs<\/em>bell\u201d who belonged to the father of John and William Waller.\u00a0 Yet she never belonged to either of his two sons.\u00a0 Thus, she could not have been married to Toby.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Neither are there any documents in existence that confirm anything that Haley has to say about the woman who he describes as his great-great-great grandmother\u2014Kizzy.<\/p>\n

According to Haley, compliments of William Waller\u2019s niece and Kizzy\u2019s childhood friend, \u201cMissy Anne,\u201d Kizzy was literate.\u00a0 When her childhood sweetheart \u201cNoah\u201d planned to escape from the Waller plantation, Kizzy armed him with a traveling pass on which she forged Missy Anne\u2019s name.\u00a0 Noah was caught, tortured into confessing the source of the traveling pass, and sold. Kizzy then too was sold to Tom Lea, of North Carolina.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The problem here is that there are no records to substantiate any of this.\u00a0 What we can determine is that there is no way that Anne Waller and the Kizzy about whom Haley speaks could have been childhood friends, for Waller was already a grown woman in her twenties by the time that Kizzy was supposed to have been born.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The Mills state that \u201cthere remains the inarguable conclusion that the 182 pages and thirty-nine chapters in which theVirginialives of Haley\u2019s \u2018ancestors\u2019 are chronicled have no basis in fact.\u00a0 Neither of the two relationships that are crucial to his pedigree (the identity of Kizzy as daughter of Kinte alias Toby, and the relationship of Bell as wife of Kinte and mother of Kizzy) can be established by even the weakest genealogical evidence.\u201d<\/p>\n

If \u201ctheVirginia chapters of his saga\u201d fail abysmally to \u201crepresent a documented ancestry for\u201d Haley \u201cor for the descendants of the white family alleged to have owned his family,\u201d the North Carolina chapters beginning with Kizzy\u2019s arrival at the property of Tom Lea is just as abysmal in these regards.\u00a0 Not only is Tom Lea\u2014who is allegedly Haley\u2019s ancestor by virtue of his rape of Kizzy\u2014not the poor white trash that Haley depicts him as; there is zero evidence that he ever owned a slave name \u201cKizzy.\u201d<\/p>\n

It isn\u2019t just radical inconsistencies in Haley\u2019s antebellum<\/em> ancestry with which he has to reckon.\u00a0 There are all sorts of questions that his claims on the part of his post-Civil War ancestry raise as well.\u00a0\u00a0 As the Mills say, \u201cnot only the authenticity of Roots <\/em>evidence is called into question by the total<\/em> absence of documentation for any alleged event, individual, or relationship, but doubt also falls upon the very essence of family life portrayed in Roots<\/em>\u201d (emphasis added).<\/p>\n

There is one final point.\u00a0 Roots <\/em>climaxes with Haley discovering the village from which his ancestor, Kunta Kinte, was supposed to have been captured.\u00a0 Supposedly, a griot from the village of Juffure\u2014Fofana\u2014confirmed the account of Kinte\u2019s abduction that Haley had grown up hearing about from his aunts.<\/p>\n

Professor Donald R. Wright, \u201ca specialist in African pre-history with extensive experience in the collection of Gambian oral traditions,\u201d visited Juffure twice.\u00a0 What he discovered was that Fofana was a fake.\u00a0 Fofana \u201cshowed no inclination to recite long (or short) genealogies of any families.\u201d\u00a0 When it came to Kunta Kinte, though, \u201che was eager\u2026to speak [.]\u201d\u00a0 Kinte, Wright continues, \u201cwas the only individual about whom Fofana provided any specific information.\u201d<\/p>\n

There is a reason for this.\u00a0 In advance of his exchange with Fofana, Haley relayed to Gambian officials the account of Kunta Kinte\u2019s capture that had supposedly been transmitted to him by his relatives.\u00a0 He told them as well that it was confirmation of this account that he sought.\u00a0 Seeing the potentially boundless profits to be reaped from tourism and the like, the officials insured that Haley would hear what he wanted to hear.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The second time Professor Wright visited Juffure he did not seek out Fofana by name.\u00a0 Rather, he sought out \u201cthe person best versed in the history of the village and its families.\u201d Wright was taken to listen to four people.\u00a0 Fofana\u2019s name was never even mentioned. \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alex Haley\u2019s Roots <\/em>is undeniably as epic a television drama as it is a book.\u00a0 Yet this does nothing to change the fact that neither version conveys fact.\u00a0 Nor does it alter the sad truth that Haley was a fraud.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\n

Jack Kerwick, Ph.D.<\/p>\n

originally published at The New American\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This is the 35th anniversary of the ground breaking television miniseries, Roots.\u00a0 Based on Alex Haley\u2019s wildly successful novel, Roots: The Saga of an American Family, the epic miniseries starred an ensemble cast\u2014several members of which recently visited with Oprah Winfrey on her new network (OWN) to commemorate this occasion. 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